Astronomical Saijiki

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Astronomical Saijiki

by Shawn Lee Whitney

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One aspect of haiku that I have seen overlooked is Astronomical haiku. There are some out there and we can access some sites where some good Astro-haiku is found. However, it is uncommon. Therefore, I'm going to do my best to pen this Astronomical Saijiki. I'm sure in time that it will need updating, further editing and lot's of hard work.

The Astronomical Saijiki
The vast majority of people are not familiar with the night sky. Therefore, Astronomical haiku would seem foreign to most unless generalized terms are used.
example:

solstice sun,
bullfrog tadpoles
feed in the shallows

The solstice sun can imply either to the Summer or the Winter solstice. Bullfrog tadpoles feeding in the shallows definitely rule out Winter. Rather, it is a hot June day with seasonal life in full swing. Can't you just smell the season?

Here in the western world our seasons begin with the solstices and the equinoxes. Therefore Summer begins around June 21st, the time of the Summer solstice (northern hemisphere). This marks the Sun's reaching it's highest point in our sky for the entire year. It is now directly above the Tropic of Cancer. Yet, just a day or 2 earlier, it is still Spring.

In Japan, their calendar was based on the Chinese lunar calendar. Thus the seasons do not begin with an equinox or a solstice. Rather, the seasons are CENTERED on these dates. It is this system that is used to determine seasons in haiku and other Japanese poetry. Each year has 52 weeks. Each season is 13 weeks. That's 6.5 weeks on either side of the solstice or equinox.
According to the book, Haiku World, on page 20 our North temperate seasons would be as follows.

Spring February 4th -- May 5th
Summer May 6 -- August 7th
Autumn August 8 --November 6th
Winter November 7th --February 3rd

Now that's just a wee bit different than what we are used to here in the west.

In Astronomy, it's not quite as cut and dry. There is an overlap of seasons. Unlike the time in which a particular flower would be in bloom--stars remain in the sky for months.
Some seasons are easy. Example: the Beaver Moon. It is the name that some native American tribes gave to the full moon of November. Because Winter begins on November 7th according to the way of the Japanese and Chinese, I usually use the Beaver moon to refer to early Winter.
Stars are different. An example of this is the 5th brightest star in the sky, Vega. It stands nearly overhead on those Dog Day nights when it is still hot outside. In the Autumn it stands high in the WNW. In the Winter, especially at the time of the holidays, it can be seen next to the Northern Cross low in NNW.
But wait!! Just a few hours later, before the Sun comes up, it stands again in the NE, where it will also be on May evenings. Vega can be seen at some time of the night, every night, all year long, for people who live in mid-northern latitudes.

Solving this dilemna is not that difficult. Astronomers have long labelled stars by the season that they first become a dominant feature in the hours just after darkness falls.
Example: Antares in Scorpius. It is best seen during the evening hours of July, a Summer month. Thus, using Antares in haiku would imply Summer.

Two other examples are:

vega
overhead,
leaves change

orion
thru my window,
august dawn

Vega is primarily considered to be a Summer star yet it is still high in the Autumn sky.
Orion is a Winter constellation yet it is first seen during the weeks of August rising in the east just ahead of the Sun.

The kigo (season word) in these haiku change this and relate this star and this constellation to different seasons. So if we use a star, constellation or deep sky object as our kigo, then it should be in the season it is meant to be in. If not, then we should use a different kigo to imply the different season.

The following constellations, stars and deep sky objects are grouped according to the seasonal time frame that Astronomers have placed them into.

This saijiki is best used from mid northern latitudes as far south as those Winter vacation spots that everyone loves to travel to in the colder weather.


Stars, Consellations & select deep sky objects

The following are Circumpolar constellations and thus never drop below the horizon for observers in mid-northern latitudes and are seen on every clear night of the year. However, from the latitude that I live at, in Deerfield Beach, FL, there is only 1 circumpolar constellation, Ursa Minor.

You may also note that there are stars and constellations mentioned that are not visible from mid-northern latitudes. Some, such as Crux (the southern cross) are mentioned here because they are visible from south Florida. Wow, yet another reason for mid-northern observers to visit the Sunshine state.

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Constellations - Stars - Deep Sky Objects

Circumpolar Constellations
Camelopardalis (the giraffe)
Alpha Camelopardalis
Cassiopeia (the queen)
Caph
Schedar
Cih
Ruchbah
Segin
Achird
M103 (NGC 581) open cluster
M52 (NGC 7654) open cluster
Cepheus (the king)
Alderamin
Alfirk
Errai
Delta Cephei
Mu Cephei (the Garnet star)
Nu Cephei
Draco (the dragon)
Thuban
Eltanin
Rastaban
Altais
Edasich
Nu Draconis
NGC 6543 planetary nebula
Lynx (the lynx)
Alpha Lyncis
Ursa Major (the great bear)
Dubhe
Merak
Megrez
Phecda
Alioth
Mizar
Alcor
Alkaid
M81 (NGC 3031) galaxy
M82 (NGC 3034) galaxy
M101 (NGC 5457) galaxy (the Pinwheel Galaxy)
M108 (NGC 3556) galaxy
M97 planetary nebula (the Owl Nebula)
Ursa Minor (the little bear)
Polaris
Kochab
Pherkad
Yildun


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Spring (haru) constellations

Antlia (the air pump)
Bootes (the herdsman)
Arcturus
Muphrid
Izar
Nekkar
Seginus
Alkalurops
Canes Venatici (the hunting dogs)
Cor Caroli
Chara
M51 (NGC 5194) galaxy (the Whirlpool Galaxy)
M63 (NGC 5055) galaxy
M94 (NGC 4258) galaxy
M106 (NGC 4258) galaxy
M3 (NGC 5272) globular cluster
Centaurus (the centaur)
Alpha Centauri, Toliman, Rigel Kentaurus
Proxima Centauri
Hadar, Agena
Menkent, Theta Centauri
Iota Centauri
Muliphain
Omega Centauri (NGC 5139) globular cluster
Corona Borealis (northern crown)
Alphecca
Nusakan
T Coronae Borealis (variable star)
Corvus (the crow)
Giena
Kraz
Algorab
Minkar
Alchiba
Crater (the cup)
Alkes
Crux (the southern cross)
Acrux
Mimosa
Gacrux
Delta Crucis
NGC 4755 open cluster (the Jewel Box)
Coal Sack a dark nebula
Hydra (the water snake)
Alphard
M48 (NGC 2548) open cluster
M68 (NGC 4590) globular cluster
M83 (NGC 5236) globular cluster
NGC 3242 planetary nebula (Ghost of Jupiter)
Leo (the lion)
Regulus
Denebola
Algeiba
Zosma
M65 (NGC 3623) galaxy
M66 (NGC 3627) galaxy
M95 (NGC 3351) galaxy
M96 (NGC 3368) galaxy
M105 (NGC 3379) galaxy
Libra (the scales)
Zubeneschmali
Zubenelgenubi
Zubenelakrab
Lupus (the wolf)
Sextans (the sextant)
Virgo (the virgin)
Spica
Porrima
Vindemiatrix
M61 (NGC 4303) galaxy
M84 (NGC 4274) galaxy
M86 (NGC 4406) galaxy
M49 (NGC 4472) galaxy
M87 (NGC 4486) galaxy
M89 (NGC 4552) galaxy
M90 (NGC 4569) galaxy
M58 (NGC 4579) galaxy
M59 (NGC 4621) galaxy
M60 (NGC 4649) galaxy
M104 (NGC 4594) galaxy


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Summer (natsu) constellations

Aquila (the eagle)
Altair
Tarazed
Alshain
Ara (the altar)
Capricornus (the sea goat)
Deneb Algedi
Algedi
Dabih
Nashira
M30 (NGC 7099)
Corona Australis (the southern crown)
Cygnus (the swan)
Deneb
Albireo
Sadr
Gienah
NGC 7000 diffuse nebula
(The North America Nebula)
LDN 906 dark nebula (the Northern Coalsack)
IC 5067 diffuse nebula (the Pelican Nebula)
NGC 6992 supernova remnant (Veil Nebula)
M29 (NGC 6913) open cluster
M39 (NGC 7042) open cluster
Delphinus (the dolphin)
Sualocin
Rotanev
Equuleus (the little horse)
Hercules (the strongman)
Ras Algethi
Kornephoros
M13 (NGC 6205) globular cluster
M92 (NGC 6341) globular cluster
Lyra (the lyre)
Vega
Sheliak
Sulafat
Epsilon Lyrae
Aladfar
M57 (NGC 6720) planetary nebula (Ring Nebula)
Norma (the level)
Ophiuchus (the serpent bearer)
Rasalhague
Cheleb
Sabik
Zeta Ophiuchi
Delta Ophiuchi
Barnard's Star
M107 (NGC 6171) globular cluster
M12 (NGC 6218) globular cluster
M10 (NGC 6254) globular cluster
M62 (NGC 6266) globular cluster
M19 (NGC 6273) globular cluster
M9 (NGC 6333) globular cluster
M14 (NGC 6402) globular cluster
Sagitta (the arrow)
M71 (NGC 6838) globular cluster
Sagittarius (the archer)
Rukbat
Arkab
Alnasl
Nunki
Ascella
Media
Kaus Australis
Kaus Borealis
M23 (NGC 6494) open cluster
M20 (NGC6514) diffuse nebula (Trifid Nebula)
M8 (NGC 6523) diffuse nebula (Lagoon Nebula)
M21 (NGC 6531) open cluster
M24 (NGC 6603) open cluster (Small Sagittarius Star Cloud)
M18 (NGC 6613) open cluster
M17 (NGC 6618) diffuse nebula (Omega Nebula)
M28 (NGC 6626) globular cluster
M69 (NGC 6637) globular cluster
M25 (IC 4725) open cluster
M22 (NGC 6656) globular cluster
M70 (NGC 6681) globular cluster
M54 (NGC 6715) globular cluster
NGC 6822 galaxy (Barnard's Galaxy)
M75 (NGC 6864) globular cluster
Scorpius (the scorpion)
Antares
Graffias, Acrab
Dschubba
Epsilon
Shaula
Lesath
Tau Scorpii
Kappa Scorpii
Sargas, Girtab
M4 (NGC 6121) globular cluster
M80 (NGC 6093) globular cluster
M6 (NGC 6405) open cluster
M7 (NGC 6475) open cluster
Scutum (the shield)
M26 (NGC 6694) open cluster
M11 (NGC 6705) open cluster (Wild Duck Cluster)
Serpens (the snake)
Unuk
Alya
Chow
M5 (NGC 5904) globular cluster
M16 (NGC 6611) diffuse nebula & open cluster
(Eagle Cluster)
Telescopium (the telescope)
Vulpecula (the fox)


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Autumn (aki) constellations

Aries (the ram)
Hamal
Sheratan
Mesarthim
Botein
Andromeda (the princess, chained maiden)
Alpheratz
Mirach
Almach
M31 (NGC 224) galaxy (the Andromeda Galaxy)
M32 (NGC 221) galaxy
M110 (NGC 205) galaxy
Aquarius (the waterbearer)
Sadalmelik
Sadalsuud
M72 (NGC 6981) globular cluster
M73 (NGC 6994) open cluster
NGC 7009 planetary nebula (Saturn Nebula)
M2 (NGC 7089) globular cluster
NGC 7293 planetary nebula (Helix Nebula)
Cetus (the whale, sea monster)
Diphda
Menkar
Mira variable star (Mira the wonderful)
Baten Kaitos
M77 (NGC 1068) galaxy
Eridanus (the river)
Achernar
Cursa
Zaurak
Acamar
Fornax (the furnace)
Grus (the Crane 'bird')
Alnair
Horologium (the clock)
Lacerta (the lizard)
Pegasus (the winged horse)
Enif
Scheat
Markab
Algenib
M15 (NGC 7078) globular cluster
Perseus (the hero)
Mirfak
Algol (the demon star)
NGC 869+884 (The Double Cluster)
M34 (NGC 1039) open cluster
NGC 1499 diffuse nebula (California Nebula)
Alpha Persei group open cluster
Phoenix (the Phoenix 'mythical bird')
Ankaa
Pisces (the fishes)
Alrischa
Beta Piscium
Eta Piscium
Piscis Austrinus (the southern fish)
Fomalhaut
Sculptor (the sculptor)
Triangulum (the triangle)
M33 (NGC 598) galaxy (the Pinwheel galaxy)


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Winter (fuyu) constellations

Auriga (the charioteer)
Capella
Menkalinan
M36 (NGC 1960) open cluster
M37 (NGC 2009) open cluster
M38 (NGC 1912) open cluster
Cancer (the crab)
Acubens
Asellus Australis
Asellus Borealis
M44 (NGC 2632) open cluster (the Praesepe or Beehive cluster)
M67 (NGC 2682) open cluster
Canis Major (the great dog)
Sirius
Mirzam
Wesen
Aludra
Adhara
M41 (NGC 2287) open cluster
Canis Minor (the lesser dog)
Procyon
Gomeisa
Carina (the Keel)
Canopus
Miaplacidus
Avior
Eta Carinae
NGC 3372 diffuse nebula (Eta Carinae Nebula)
Tr 16 open cluster (Eta Carinae Cluster)
Columba (the dove)
Phact
Wasn
Gemini (the twins)
Castor
Pollux
Alhena
M35 (NGC 2158) open cluster
NGC 2395 open cluster
NGC 2392 planetary nebula (Eskimo Nebula)
Leo Minor (the little lion)
Lepus (the wolf)
Arneb
Nihal
M79 (NGC1904) globular cluster
Monoceros (the unicorn)
NGC 2237 diffuse nebula (Rosette Nebula)
NGC 2244 open cluster (Rosette Nebula Cluster)
NGC 2261 diffuse nebula (Hubble's variable nebula)
NGC 2264 open cluster (Christmas Tree Cluster)
M50 (NGC 2323) open cluster
Orion (the hunter)
Betelgeuse
Rigel
Bellatrix
Saiph
Iota
Mintaka
Alnilam
Alnitak
M42 (NGC 1976) diffuse nebula (the Orion Nebula)
M43 (NGC 1982) diffuse nebula
M78 (NGC 2068) diffuse nebula
Puppis (the poop deck, stern)
M47 (NGC 2422) open cluster
M46 (NGC 2437) open cluster
M93 (NGC 2447) open cluster
Pyxis (the compass)
Taurus (the bull)
Aldebaran
El Nath
Alcyone
Celaeno
Electra
Taygeta
Sterope M45 The Pleiades
Merope
Atlas
Pleione
NGC 1435 diffuse nebula (Temple's Nebula--Merope)
M1 (NGC 1952) supernova remnant (the Crab Nebula)
Vela (the sail)
Alsahail
Regor
IC 2391 open cluster (Omicron Velorum Cluster)
NGC 3132 planetary nebula (Eight-Burst Nebula)


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The Solar System (taiyo-kei)

Planet (yusei)
Moon (tsuki)
Sun (taiyo)
Clouds (Kumo)

Planets:

Mercury: shifts between a morning and evening planet throughout the year.

Venus: shifts between a morning and evening planet; of similar size to Earth.

Mars: orbit equivalent to 1.9 Earth years. Some surface features visible especially when Mars is at opposition (closest point between Mars and Earth).
Moons: Phobos
Deimos
Both moons can be seen at favorable opposition, but with great difficulty with amateur instruments.

Jupiter: orbit equivalent to 11.9 Earth years. Cloud belts and 4 moons easily visilble even in binoculars.
4 main moons:
Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto
Jupiter spends approximately 3 years in each season's sky.
Saturn: orbit equivalent to 29.5 Earth years. Sometimes, at opposition, some cloud detail visible.
Moons visible in medium sized amateur instrument.
Titan
Rhea
Tethys
Dione
Enceladus
App. 7.5 years in each season's sky.

Uranus: orbit equivalent to 84 Earth years. App. 21 years in each season's sky.

Neptune: orbit equivalent to 165 Earth years. App. 41 years in each season's sky.

Pluto: orbit equivalent to 248 Earth years. App. 62 years in each season's sky.
After all these years, Pluto, as of the year 2006, has been deleted as a planet. I can see it, but I don't agree with it. I've met Clyde Tombaugh in person some years ago. He is indeed a great person and he worked hard, very hard, to find that ninth planet. He died just a few years ago. So, I was raised with the adventure of the discovery of Pluto. It's not a planet anymore? I don't know how all of you feel, but Pluto will always be a planet to me.
moons: Charon
Minor planets or asteroids:
There are literally thousands or more. Several are within range of amateur instruments.


Our Moon: the moon goes through phases as it orbits the Earth.
New moon: Invisible
1st quarter: Waxing, getting larger
Full moon: Wow! The entire show
3rd quarter: Waning, getting smaller

I have chosen as my reference to our moon, Indian names which have been used thru the centuries. Each name pinpoints a month of the year. One problem is that some tribes have different names. The ones that I chose are the most common names and also the ones that the Old Farmer's Almanac uses, and being originally from New England, the Bible is the Bible, #1, the Old Farmer's Almanac, well, that's a close #2.

Well, it's more like 22. I have a strong respect for the word of God.
I love the North American moons. They are strong and serve the time in which they rule. In Japan, the term moon is generally associated with the Autumn moon, unless otherwise specified.
In North America, each month has it's own moon.
Now that's really something.
In the following information we see the main moons as used by Native American peoples. They are recognized extensively here in North America. First, you will see the moons most often accepted in the Old Farmer's Almanac and then you will see the month and other names used.

Full Wolf Moon / Full Old Moon
January

Full Snow Moon / Full Hunger Moon
February

Full Worm Moon / Full Crow, Crust, Sugar and Sap Moons
March

Full Pink Moon / Full Sprouting Grass, Egg and Fish Moons
April

Full Flower Moon / Full Corn Planting and Milk Moons
May

Full Strawberry Moon / Full Rose and Hot Moons
June

Full Buck Moon / Full Thunder and Hay Moons
July

Full Sturgeon Moon / Full Red and Green Corn Moons
August

Full Harvest Moon / Full Corn and Barley Moons
September

Full Hunter's Moon / Full Travel and Dying Grass Moons
October

Full Beaver Moon / Full Frost Moon
November

Full Cold Moon / Full Long Night's Moon
December

Indian moons not only pinpoint a season, but a particular month. One problem that we face is that some tribes have different moon names. My remedy is to stick to the names that are in most common use.
Judging upon the moon names just given; what months are implied in these haiku??? It's easy, you'll see.

robins and
swaying palms,
snow moon

sturgeon moon
northern lights,
gros morne base camp

full cold moon,
the old man silhouetted
against a blue sky


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Our Star:

Our Sun: they are one in the same. The nearest star is not 4.25 light years away (that's the second closest star). Our nearest star is 8 light minutes away, it is our Sun.
On the Sun, we can see magnetic storms (sunspots), and with the proper filters, we can also see flares.
Other than these things, we can see eclipses. These happen periodically and can be pinpointed to a particular time frame. Otherwise, the sun, our Sun, is not much of an indicator except in that we rely on it, it's light, radiation, and heat to survive.


Comets:
Now this is different. At least a couple of times per year there are usually comets visible in amateur telescopes.
Naked eye comets are even rarer.
The first naked eye comet which I ever saw was Comet West in the mid 1970's. It was not until the mid 1980's that Halley's comet became a naked eye object, but then it was really not that bright. But, what a privilege.

Then there were the 1990's. Wow!!! In 1990, there was Comet Levy, which I observed in the Summer of that year from the dark skies of Nova Scotia, Canada. Then I was able to witness the cometary impacts on Jupiter of Comet Shoemaker-Levy. Now that was a real show!!!!!
Depending on how long a comet is visible in the sky can provide a seasonal context. When linked with another Astronomical event, it can pinpoint a time frame down to a single day.
Example:

Hyakutake
bright tail sweeps across Mirfak,
full lunar eclipse

A group of people had assembled in the Racicot pasture in Uxbridge, MA. I was there to lead and narrate the show. Wow, 2 birds for the price of one. Now that is the New England philosophy.
Comet Hyakutake swept across Mirfak very quickly in 1996. It was also the night of a full lunar eclipse. 1996 had 2 lunar eclipses. This haiku pinpoints one of them, April 3rd, 1996. This haiku pinpoints not only the season, but the day, the time of night and very close to the hour and minute of the night. Now that is a seasonal context. Astronomy can give us that seasonal awareness.



shoemaker-levy
impacts Jupiter,
quiet pasture

This haiku pinpoints the day of the impacts of this broken up comet. But, it can also pinpoint days in the future, not long after the impacts, when the scars of the impact were still visible. Still, the season is pinpointed, Summer. The month is July. Do you know what year it was? Check the internet, it'll tell you all that you need to know. All I have to say is that it was a good thing that these cometary fragments did not hit our planet.


Meteors and meteor showers:
Meteor showers can easily be used as season markers due to the fact that they take place at specified times of the year.

2 examples:

Perseid meteor shower - August
Orionid meteor shower - October

One thing to be remembered is that showers are named after the constellation which contains the radiant point of the shower--
Example: Leo is a Spring constellation. The Leonid meteor shower takes place in the 3rd week of November. Leo can therefore be used to identify a season--Spring. Where the Leonids pinpoint not only a season, but a specific month and a specific week of the year.

1999
cold night beneath the stars
leonids fizzle


The years leading meteor showers.
Meteor shower/ max. amt.per hr. / Time peak

Quadrantids 50
Jan.1-4 Jan.3
Corona Australids 5
Mar.14-18 Mar.16
Virginids under 5
Mar.5-Apr.2 Mar.20
Lyrids 8
Apr.19-24 Apr.21
Eta Aquarids 12
Apr.21-May12 May4
Ophiuchids 20
Jun.17-26 Jun.20
Capricornids 20
Jul.10-Aug.5 Jul.25
Southern Delta Aquarids 30
Jul.21-Aug.15 Jul.30
Northern Delta Aquarids 15
Jul.15-Aug.18 Jul.29
Pisces Australids 20
Jul.15-Aug.20 Jul.30
Alpha Capricornids 5
Jul.15-Aug.20 Aug.1
Southern Iota Aquarids 10
Jul.15-Aug.21 Aug.5
Northern Iota Aquarids 10
Jul.15-Aug.25 Aug.5
PERSEIDS 50 / Jul.25-Aug.17 Aug.12
Kappa Cygnids 5
Aug.18-22 Aug.20
ORIONIDS 20 / Oct.18-26 Oct.21
Southern Taurids 5
Sep.15-Dec.15 Nov.19
Northern Taurids under 5
Oct.15-Dec.1 Nov.19
LEONIDS 5 / Nov.14-20 Nov.17
GEMINIDS 50 / Dec.7-15 Dec.13
Ursids 15
Dec.17-24 Dec.22

Meteor showers are named after the constellation from which they appear to come from. This point in space is known as the Radiant.
Example: Perseids This is the finest shower of the year. The radiant or location from which the meteors appear to come from is in the constellation Perseus.
Four showers are in caps. These are the 4 main showers of the year. However, the Leonids can be quite normal and then in some years be spectacular.

Shawn Lee Whitney

Shawn Lee Whitney : A Pilgrim's haiku
with more haiku and information about Shawn !


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. WKD : HEAVEN - - - the Complete SAIJIKI .


. WKD : METEOR SHOWERS and related LINKS .

. WKD : MOON and related LINKS .

. WKD : STARS and related LINKS .

. . . . . . WKD : Tanabata 七夕 Star Festival .

. . . . . . WKD : Star Shrines (Hoshi Jinja 星神社) .
- - - and the deity Myoken Bosatsu 妙見菩薩

. WKD : SUN 太陽 and related LINKS .





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